------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Free $5 Love Reading Risk Free! http://us.click.yahoo.com/3PCXaC/PfREAA/Ey.GAA/1DYolB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> There are 2 messages in this issue. Topics in this digest: 1. Atlantic white-sided dolphin From: "inia3geoff" 2. Atlantic White-sided dolphin From: "Simon Mustoe" ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Message: 1 Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2002 13:05:00 -0000 From: "inia3geoff" Subject: Atlantic white-sided dolphin Hello Andy While we have a few unusual sightings off Sussex, this is the first I have heard of regarding Atlantic white-sided dolphin. (at least in the 10 years that we have been monitoring Sussex waters). The species was identified by the London Natural History Museum. Apparently the dolphin had been swimming in the visinity of Newhaven Harbour 2 days prior to the stranding. In regards to the distribution of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, I have listed below what I have in my records. DISTRIBUTION Atlantic white-sided dolphins favour the cool temperate and subarctic waters of the North Atlantic, and are rarely found south of the English Channel. In the summer, the white-sided dolphin is commonly sighted in the coastal waters of north-western and northern Scotland, and around the Faroes, Iceland and West Norway. It also occurs in the northern and central North Sea and along the west coast of Ireland. This is a similar pattern to that of the white- beaked dolphin, but white-sided dolphins tend to occur more offshore, particularly along the continental slope. Like many other smaller species of dolphin in these waters, they appear to move nearer shore in summer. I hope this is useful Stephen Sea Watch Foundation Sussex County Recorder ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Message: 2 Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2002 08:53:33 +1000 From: "Simon Mustoe" Subject: Atlantic White-sided dolphin Atlantic White-sided dolphinFrom: Peter G.H. Evans To: UKCetnet Sent: Tuesday, June 18, 2002 5:25 AM Subject: Atlantic White-sided dolphin For those of you wishing further details about the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, here is a species account (from New Handbook of British Mammals, in press) and a distribution map showing relative abundance (effort-related information) (from Distribution Atlas of Cetaceans in British and adjacent seas. JNCC, Peterborough, in press). Please note that casual sightings of white-sided dolphins have occurred throughout British and Irish waters. However, although Atlantic white-sided dolphins occasionally occur in the southern North Sea and Channel, it is rare in the North Sea south of Suffolk and in the Channel east of Dorset, and therefore this record from Sussex is of particular note. Furthermore, sightings in coastal waters of UK occur mainly in August. Best Regards, Peter Evans Dr PGH Evans Director Sea Watch Foundation Oxford, UK. Atlantic white-sided dolphin Leucopleurus (Lagenorhynchus) acutus Delphinus (Grampus) acutus Gray, 1828; type locality unknown. Young - calf RECOGNITION Similar in appearance though somewhat smaller than white-beaked dolphin. Large, robust dolphin (Fig. xxx) with short beak, black back and distinctive long, white patch on flanks and narrow, yellow-ochre band extending backwards on tail stock. Large, sickle-shaped dorsal fin, centrally placed. Flippers smaller and much more clearly sickle-shaped than in white-beaked dolphin, with strongly curved front margin. Adult skull distinguished from that of white-beaked dolphin by being smaller and narrower, with narrower and only slightly tapering rostrum and by having more and smaller teeth. Lachrymal long and narrow, extending far backward below frontal. Ramus of lower jaw low, upper margin behind tooth row nearly horizontal over about two thirds of its length, without a pronounced coronoid process (Authors' data; Miyazaki & Shikano, 1997; Reeves et al., 1999a, b). DESCRIPTION Stout, torpedo-shaped body, rounded snout with short beak (c. 5 cm long) and 29-40 pairs of small (c. 4 mm diameter), sharp-pointed teeth in each jaw. Coloration black on back including tail, top of head and upper jaw; dark grey flanks and side of head, but with long and narrow, sharply demarcated white patch on flanks from below front edge of dorsal fin to about halfway dorsal fin and tail (not extending over back as often in white-beaked dolphin). Sharply demarcated, long and narrow yellow-ochre band extending on tail stock, starting as a thin line above the white flank patch and widening towards the tail, set off from grey flanks below by a black line originating from the tail stock. White belly and lower jaw. Flippers pointed and strongly sickle-shaped, black with narrow dark stripe extending from angle of mouth to flipper insertion. Black eye patch, from which a thin black line extends forward to the dark upper jaw, and very thin black line from eye patch to ear opening (not visible in the field). Clearly demarcated black patch around genital/anal opening. Relatively tall (c. 12% body length), centrally placed, sickle-shaped dorsal fin. Very high tail stock, parallel-sided, particularly in adult males, suddenly narrowing close to the slightly notched tail flukes, which have a concave trailing edge. Adult skull smaller and narrower than in white-beaked dolphin, with narrower and only slightly tapering rostrum and with having more (29-40) and smaller (c. 4mm in diameter) teeth. Lacrymal long and narrow, extending far backward below frontal. Ramus of lower jaw low, upper margin behind tooth row nearly horizontal over about two thirds of its length, without a pronounced coronoid process. Scapula only slightly broader than high, with nearly straight hind margin. Upper process (acromion) directed more or less upward, ventral margin of lower process (coracoid) not or only slightly projecting below glenoid fossa (joint socket). Flipper skeleton strongly curved, particularly the radius; combined width of radius/ulna at the distal end greater than height of radius (Authors' data; Benke, 1993; Miyazaki & Shikano, 1997; Reeves et al., 1999b). RELATIONSHIPS Analysis of cytochrome B sequences has provided evidence that the Atlantic white-sided dolphin and the white-beaked dolphin are not closely related and are best placed in separate genera (LeDuc et al., 1999). This is corroborated by considerable skeletal differences between these species and the occurrence of a seemingly unique parasite on the white-beaked dolphin (see under that species). Since L. albirostris is the type species for the genus Lagenorhynchus, the generic name Leucopleurus (Gray, 1866) will apply to the white-sided dolphin. MEASUREMENTS Length of adult females generally 210-240 cm, of males 210-260 cm; greatest length c. 253 cm (female), c. 274 cm (male). Greatest weight 182 kg (female), 234 kg (male). Newborn young 108-122 cm long. Length at sexual maturity 2.0-2.2 m (females), 2.3-2.4 m (males) (Sergeant et al., 1980; Addink et al., 1997; Rogan et al., 1997). VARIATION No differences in skull characters between specimens from eastern and western Atlantic (Mikkelsen & Lund, 1994). DISTRIBUTION Restricted to northern North Atlantic, mainly in offshore waters, from SW Greenland, Iceland and western Barents Sea south to Virginia (USA) and the Bay of Biscay. Less common than white-beaked dolphin on European continental shelf (Evans, 1992; Hammond et al., 1995; Øien, 1996; Northridge et al., 1997). Off British Isles concentrated around the Hebrides, Northern Isles and in northern North Sea, but extends south along the Atlantic seaboard, mainly outside or near the continental shelf (c. 200 m depth), west and south of Ireland south into the Bay of Biscay; rare in the Irish Sea, the Eastern Channel and southernmost North Sea. (Evans, 1980, 1992; Evans et al., 1986; Leopold & Couperus, 1995; Couperus, 1997; Kinze et al., 1997; Northridge et al., 1997; Reeves et al., 1999a; Williams et al., 1999). HISTORY No fossil or archaeological material known. HABITAT More pelagic than white-beaked dolphin, occurring mainly along the edges or seaward of continental shelves at depths of 100-300 m. Sometimes comes onto the continental shelf, and may enter fjords and inlets in depths of less than 50 m. Off eastern United States, the species occupies waters of 1-13o C sea surface temperature, in spring and autumn, with most animals occurring in waters of c. 5-11o C (Selzer & Payne, 1988). SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR A very gregarious species with groups frequently numbering tens to hundreds, particularly offshore (Evans, 1980, 1992; Evans et al., 1986). Groups of up to 1,000 animals have been recorded on the American continental shelf and at the shelf edge west and south of Ireland (Leopold & Couperus, 1995; Reeves et al., 1999a). Within large aggregations, subgroups of 2-15 animals may be distinguished (Haase, 1987; De Boer, 1989; Gaskin, 1992; Leopold & Couperus, 1995; Evans, unpubl. data). Groups are of both sexes and of mixed age, but possibly with some age segregation, since in two mass strandings, immatures aged 3-6 years (assuming one dentinal growth layer group corresponds with one year of age) were absent from breeding groups consisting of adults and calves (Sergeant et al., 1980; Rogan et al., 1997). However, immatures were found with adults in bycatches west and south of Ireland (Addink et al., 1997). Otherwise, social structure poorly known. Fast swimmer, travelling over long distances at speeds of at least 14 km/hr (Mate and Stafford, 1994). Bow-rides occasionally. Frequently breaches, though not to the extent of white-beaked, bottlenose or common dolphins. Breaching animals may leap horizontally above the surface, in contrast to white-beaked dolphins (Baptist, 1987; Reeves et al., 1999a). Mixed herds are formed with white-beaked dolphins, and less often with bottlenose and common dolphins; sometimes associate with long-finned pilot whales, northern bottlenose whales, sperm whales, fin whales, and humpback whales (Katona et al., 1978; Haase, 1987; De Boer, 1989; Gowans & Whitehead, 1995; Camphuysen et al., 1995); Reeves et al., 1999a). Vocalisations include whistles of 7-16 kHz frequency, with mean peak frequencies of 8-12 khz, and mean duration 0.5 sec, and broadband echolocation clicks at 0.2-180 khz with peak frequencies of 60-80 khz and single pulse duration of.25-1 msec (Watkins, pers comm.). FEEDING Diet consists of a wide variety of fish (including Clupea, Osmerus, Gadus, Merlangius, Micromesistius, Trisopterus, Merluccius, Scomber and Salmonidae), squid (Illex, Loligo) and shrimps (Authors' data; Waller & Taylor, 1979; Evans, 1980; Sergeant et al., 1980; Gaskin, 1982; Desportes, 1985; Smeenk & Gaemers, 1987; Reeves et al., 1999a) The stomachs of 17 animals in a mass stranding in Co. Mayo, Ireland, in September 1994 contained otoliths of gadoid fishes of which Trisopterus sp. could be identified, herring Clupea harengus, horse mackerel (scad) Trachurus trachurus, as well as an argentine Argentina sphyraena and a squid beak (Rogan et al., 1997). The stomachs of 50 white-sided dolphins bycaught in the Dutch midwater trawl fishery for mackerel and horse-mackerel in 1992-94, at the shelf edge (near 200 m depth contour) west and south of Ireland, revealed mackerel Scomber scombrus (67% prey weight), Gadidae (mainly silvery pout Gadiculus argenteus: 9% prey weight), various other fish including lantern fish Notoscopelus kroeyerii, and cephalopods (13% prey weight, consisting of at least 12 species). Nearly all material was collected in Feb-March, during which time mackerel arrives in the area on its southward migration, probably attracting white-sided dolphins from deeper waters. One animal caught in the same area in September showed Gadidae (45% prey weight: mainly silvery pout and blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou) and cephalopods (52% prey weight: nearly all Ommastrephidae). In all cases, horse-mackerel was notably absent from the stomachs, though this species was an important target of the Dutch fisheries operations (Couperus, 1997, 1999). Small groups forming part of larger associations have frequently been seen herding fish by surface-rushing in a crescent-shaped configuration (Evans, unpubl. data; Couperus & Leopold, 1995). BREEDING Limited data available. Births mainly in late spring and summer (May-August) (Fraser, 1974; Evans, 1980; Sergeant et al., 1980; Evans et al., 1986; Reeves et al., 1999a), but some may occur as early as February and as late as September (Addink et al. 1997; Rogan et al., 1997). Gestation period c. 11 months (Sergeant et al. 1980; Rogan et al., 1997). Lactation period c. 18 months (Sergeant et al., 1980). Calving interval 2-3 years, some animals being both lactating and pregnant (St. Aubin & Geraci, 1979; Rogan et al., 1997). Age at sexual maturity 7-11 years (males) and 6-12 years (females), assuming that one dentinal tooth layer corresponds to one year of age (Sergeant et al., 1980; Addink et al., 1997). POPULATION No population estimate exists for the species, although an estimate of 5,867-18,528 dolphins of the genus Lagenorhynchus includes an unknown proportion of white-sided dolphins (Hammond et al., 1995). most commonly observed over the UK continental shelf between July and September; apparently concentrated in deep waters off the shelf edge between November and May (Evans, 1980. 1992; Evans et al., 1986; Northridge et al., 1995, 1997; Leopold & Couperus, 1995). Greatest number of dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) reported so far is 27, assumed to correspond with an age of at least 27 years (Sergeant et al., 1980). Population structure and longevity unknown. MORTALITY Sharks and killer whales are likely predators of the species although no cases of attack have been reported (possibly leave out, as applies to all dolphins?). PARASITES AND PATHOGENS The following internal parasites (with body locations where known) have been found in stranded specimens (Baer, 1932; Beverley-Burton, 1978; Geraci et al., 1978; Gibson & Harris, 1979; Waller & Tyler, 1979; Rogan et al., 1997; Gibson et al., 1998): Trematodes: Pholeter gastrophilus (stomach & duodenum), Oschmarinella laevicaecum (bile ducts and hepatopancreatic ducts). Cestodes: Tetrabothrius forsteri (upper intestine), Phyllobothrium delphini (blubber), Strobilocephalus triangularis, Monorygma grimaldii (abdomen, peritoneum & testes). Nematodes: Anisakis simplex (trachea & stomach), Stenurus globicephalae (stomach & cranial sinuses), Crassicauda grampicola (subcutaneous tissue, mammary glands, see below), Crassicauda sp. (subcutaneous tissue; frequently observed, with over 50% of the animals affected in some studies: Geraci et al., 1978a, b; Rogan et al., 1997; García Hartmann, unpubl. data), Pseudalius inflexus (bronchi & lungs), Torynurus convolutus (head sinuses), and Bolbosoma sp. (intestine). In two mass strandings of white-sided dolphins, in Maine (USA) in September 1974 and in Ireland in September 1994, a high incidence of parasitic mastitis caused by the nematode Crassicauda grampicola was found (Geraci et al., 1978a, b; Rogan et al., 1997). In Maine, it was present in 14 out of 30 females, in Ireland in 5 out of 7 adult females. This parasite can severely damage the mammary glands and thus affect milk production (Geraci et al., 1978b). Crassicauda sp. was also found in the mammary glands of animals bycaught off Ireland (García Hartmann, unpubl. data). In the Irish stranding, neoplasia was found in three out of 19 animals; there were two cases of benign intestinal leiomyomas and one of intestinal fibroma (Rogan et al., 1997). In Maine, four out of 41 animals had various papillomas, five had intestinal leiomyomas. Adrenal lesions such as nodular hyperplasia and cyst formation were found in 20 out of 23 females (and in one male) of the animals in Maine (Geraci et al., 1978a). Geraci et al. (1987) mention two cases of adrenal adenoma. Brucella sp. was isolated from a male stranded in Scotland (Foster et al., 1996). RELATIONS WITH MAN Not hunted commercially, though taken opportunistically by drive fisheries for small whales in the Faroe Islands, with up to 500 taken in some years (Bloch & Hoydal, 1990), formerly also in Norway and Canada. Probably hunted in small numbers off SW Greenland (Heide-Jørgensen, 1990). Incidental mortality in fishing gear has been reported from the British Isles, Ireland, and Canada (Evans, 1994; Couperus, 1997; Reeves et al., 1999). Relatively large numbers of bycatches have occurred in the Dutch trawl fishery for mackerel and horse-mackerel near the shelf edge west and south of Ireland. About 90% of this mortality occurred in February and March (Couperus, 1997). In several studies, only small numbers of individuals have been examined for pollutants and few details are given (see for example Taruski et al., 1975; Borrell, 1993). Seventeen animals from a mass stranding in Ireland and five specimens stranded in Scotland were analysed for chlorobiphenyls (CBs) and organochlorine pesticides (Kuehl et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1998). Levels were generally low, but two adult males had CB-levels of >40 and >60 ppm in the blubber. Concentrations in two bycaught males (one adult) from Canada were in the same order of magnitude. Some of the Irish animals also had relatively high levels of pesticides, particularly p, p'-DDE, dieldrin and HCB, as had the two males from Canada (Kuehl et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1998). A juvenile stranded in NW Ireland had a relatively high concentration (44 µg/g wet weight) of mercury in the liver (Law et al., 1991), which is much higher than the level found in the adult male from Canada (Kuehl et al., 1991). International protection includes Appendix II of CMS Agreement on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (BONN Convention, 1983); Appendix II of BERN Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (applied to this species, from 1987); and Annex IV Animal and Plant Species of Community Interest In Need of Strict Protection of the EC Habitats Directive (1992). It is listed on List C1 of Council Regulation and, since 1985, has been treated by the European Community as if it is on CITES Appendix II (trade controlled to prevent overexploitation). Status listed by IUCN (1991) as insufficiently known. In UK, it receives protection under the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981) and the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order (1985). One of the species for which the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans in the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS) (1992), applies. Although the species has not been studied in depth, techniques used include, for live animals at sea: direct observations (Evans, 1990; Hammond, 1995, 2001), photo-ID (Hammond, 1995, 2001), and acoustic monitoring (Gordon & Tyack, 2001); and for stranded, bycaught and captured individuals: pathology, toxicology, morphometrics, genetic and dietary methods (see Kuiken & Hartmann, 1991 for review of postmortem methods for sample collection). LITERATURE The best review of the species is by Randall Reeves, Chris Smeenk, Robert Brownell and Carl Kinze in the Handbook of Marine Mammals, volume 6 (Academic Press, 1999). PRINCIPAL AUTHORS Peter G.H. Evans & Chris Smeenk. REFERENCES Addink, M.et al. (1997) A note on life-history parameters of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from animals bycaught in the northeastern Atlantic. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47, 637-639. Baer, J.G. (1932) Contribution l'étude des cestodes de cétacés. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 39, 195-228. Baptist, H.J.M. (1987) Waarnemingen van zeezoogdieren in de Nederlandse sector van de Noordzee. Lutra, 30, 93-104. Benke, H. (1993) Investigations on the osteology and the functional morphology of the flipper of whales and dolphins (Cetacea). Investigations on Cetacea, 24, 9-252. Beverley-Burton, M. (1978) Helminths of the alimentary tract from a stranded herd of Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 35, 1356-1359. Bloch, D. & Hoydal, K. (1990) Denmark. Progress report on cetacean research, June 1988 to May 1989. Part 2. Faroe Islands. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 40, 192-194. Boer, R. de (1989) Waarneming van een gemengde groep witflankdolfijnen Lagenorhynchus acutus en witsnuitdolfijnen L. albirostris in de centrale Noordzee. Lutra, 32, 181-184. Borrell, A. (1993) PCB and DDTs in blubber of cetaceans from the northeastern North Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 146-151. Camphuysen, C.J., et al. (1995) Distant feeding and associations with cetaceans of gannets Morus bassanus from Bass Rock, May 1994. Seabird, 17, 36-43. Couperus, A.S. (1997) Interactions between Dutch midwater trawl and Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) southwest of Ireland. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 22, 209-218. Couperus, A.S. (1999) Diet of Atlantic white-sided dolphins southwest of Ireland. P. 107. In European Research on Cetaceans - 12. (Eds. P.G.H. Evans & E.C.M. Parsons). Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Monaco 20-24 January 1998. Desportes, G. (1985) La nutrition des Odontocètes en Atlantique Nord-Est (côtes Françaises - Iles Feroë). PhD Thesis, University of Poitiers, Poitiers. 190pp. Dong, J.H., et al., (1996) A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 110, 278-287. Evans, P.G.H. (1980) Cetaceans in British Waters. Mammal Review, 10, 1-52. Evans, P.G.H. (1982) Associations between seabirds and cetaceans - a review. Mammal Review, 12, 187-206. Evans, P.G.H. (1990a) European cetaceans and seabirds in an oceanographic context. Lutra, 33, 95-125. Evans, P.G.H. (ed.) (1990b) Report of the European Cetacean Society sightings workshop, Palma de Mallorca, 1st March 1990. European Cetacean Society Newsletter, Special Issue 10, 1-10. Evans, P.G.H. (1992) Status review of cetaceans in British and Irish waters. UK Department of the Environment, London. 98pp. Evans, P.G.H. (1994) Cetacean bycatches in UK and Ireland. Discussion paper for Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food Bycatch Working Group, London. 15pp. Foster, G., et al. (1996) Isolation of Brucella species from cetaceans, seals and an otter. Veterinary Record, 138, 583-586. Fransen, C.H.J.M. & Smeenk, C. (1991) Whale-lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) recorded from The Netherlands. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 65, 393-405. Fraser, F.C. (1974) Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1948 to 1966. No. 14. British Museum (Natural History), London. 65pp. Gaskin, D.E. (1982) The ecology of whales and dolphins. Heinemann, London. 459pp. Gaskin, D.E. (1992) Status of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 106, 64-72. Geraci, J.R., et al. (1978a) A mass stranding of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus: a study into pathobiology and life history. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C. 141pp. Geraci, J.R., et al. (1978b) Parasitic mastisis in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, as a probable factor in herd productivity. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 35, 1350-1355. Geraci, J.R., et al. (1987) Tumors in cetaceans: analysis and new findings. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44, 1289-1300. Gibson, D.I. & Harris, E.A. (1979) The helminth-parasites of cetaceans in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Investigations on Cetacea, 10, 309-324. Gibson, D.I., et al. (1998) A survey of the helminth parasites of cetaceans stranded on the coast of England and Wales during the period 1990-1994. Journal of Zoology, London, 244, 563-574. Gordon, J.C.D. & Tyack, P. (2001) Acoustic techniques for studying cetaceans. Pp. 293-324. In Marine mammals: biology and conservation (Eds. P.G.H. Evans & J.A. Raga). Plenum Press/Kluwer Academic, London. Gowans, S. & Whitehead, H. (1995) Distribution and habitat partitioning by small odontocetes in the Gully, a submarine canyon on the Scotian Shelf. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, 1599-1608. Haase, B.J.M. (1987) A mixed herd of white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and white-sided dolphins L. acutus in the southern North Sea. Lutra, 30, 105-106. Hammond, P.S. (1995) Estimating the abundance of marine mammals: a North Atlantic perspective. Pp. 3-25. In Whales, seals, fish and man (Eds. A.S. Blix, L. Walløe and Ø. Ulltang). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 720pp. Hammond, P.S. (2001) Assessment of marine mammal population size and status. Pp. 269-291. In Marine mammals: biology and conservation (Eds. P.G.H. Evans & J.A. Raga). Plenum Press/Kluwer Academic, London. Hammond, P.S., et al. (1995) Distribution & abundance of the harbour porpoise & other small cetaceans in the North Sea & adjacent waters. Life 92-2/UK/027. 240pp. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. (1990) Small cetaceans in Greenland: hunting and biology. North Atlantic Studies, 2, 55-58. Jones, P.H. (1984) Cetaceans seen in the Irish Sea and approaches, late summer 1983. Nature in Wales, 3, 62-64. Katona, S. et al. (1978) Observations on a white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus, probably killed in gillnets in the Gulf of Maine. Fisheries Bulletin (US), 76, 475-476. Kinze, C.C., et al. (1997) The white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the North and Baltic Seas: review of available information. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47, 675-681. Kuehl, D.W., et al. (1991) Chemical residues in dolphins from the U.S. Atlantic coast including Atlantic bottlenose obtained during 1987/88 mass mortality. Chemosphere, 22, 1071-1084. Kuehl, D.W., et al. (1994) Coplanar PCB and metal residues in dolphins from the U.S. Atlantic coast including Atlantic bottlenose obtained during the 1987/88 mass mortality. Chemosphere, 28, 1245-1253. Kuiken, T. and García Hartmann, M. (1992) Proceedings of the first ECS workshop on cetacean pathology: dissection techniques and tissue sampling. European Cetacean Society Newsletter, Special Issue 17, 1-39. Law, R.J., et al. (1991) Concentrations of trace metals in the livers of marine mammals (seals, porpoises and dolphins) from waters around the British Isles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22, 183-191. LeDuc, R.G., et al. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome B sequences. Marine Mammal Science, 15, 619-648. Leopold, M.F. & Couperus, A.S. (1995) Sightings of Atlantic white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus acutus near the south-eastern limit of the known range in the North-East Atlantic. Lutra, 38, 77-80. McKenzie, C., et al. (1998) Concentrations and patterns of organic contaminants in Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from Irish and Scottish coastal waters. Environmental Pollution, 98, 15-27. Mate, B.R. and Stafford, M. (1994) Movements and dive behavior of a satellite-monitored Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Mammal Science, 10, 116-121. Mikkelsen, A.M.H. & Lund, A. (1994) Intraspecific variation in the dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and L. acutus (Mammalia: Cetacea) in metrical and non-metrical skull characters, with remarks on occurrence. Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 289-299. Miyazaki, N. & Shikano, C. (1997) Preliminary study on comparative skull morphology and vertebral formula among the six species of the genus Lagenorhynchus (Cetacea: Delphinidae). Mammalia, 61, 573-587. Northridge, S.P., et al. (1995) Distribution and relative abundance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.), white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray), and minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepède) around the British Isles. ICES Journal of marine Science, 52, 55-66. Northridge, S., et al. (1997) White-beaked Lagenorhynchus albirostris and Atlantic white-sided dolphin L. acutus distributions in Northwest European and US North Atlantic waters. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 47, 707-805. Reeves, R.R., et al. (1999a) Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828). Pp. 31-56. In Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6: The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. (Eds. S.H. Ridgway & R. Harrison). Academic Press, San Diego/London. 468pp. Reeves, R.R., et al. (1999b) White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846. Pp. 1-30. In Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6: The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. (Eds. S.H. Ridgway & R. Harrison). Academic Press, San Diego/London. 468pp. Rogan, E., et al. (1997) A mass stranding of white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in Ireland: biological and pathological studies. Journal of Zoology, London, 242, 217-227. Santos, M.B., et al. (1994) Diets of small cetaceans from the Scottish coast. ICES Marine Mammal Committee, C.M. 1994 / No. 11, 1-16. Sergeant, D.E., et al. (1980) Life history and Northwest Atlantic status of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus. Cetology, 37, 1-12. Smeenk, C. & Gaemers, P.A.M. (1987) Fish otoliths in the stomachs of white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Pp. 12-13. In The European Cetacean Society report of the 1987 meeting, Hirtshals, Denmark, 26-28 January 1987 (Eds. J.W. Broekema & C. Smeenk). 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